IUI vs IVF: How to Decide Which Fertility Treatment Is Right for You
Deciding between IUI and IVF can feel heavy. It’s rarely a neutral, technical choice, because it sits at the intersection of hope, time, money, energy, and biology. Many people arrive at this decision after months or years of trying, carrying questions about what they can still influence and what they need help with now. The truth is that ‘IUI vs IVF’ isn’t a simple ladder where one automatically follows the other. It’s a strategic decision that works best when it reflects your diagnosis, your priorities, and your reality.
Author
Tassia O’Callaghan
Reviewed by
Kayleigh Hartigan
25 min read
Spotlight:
- IUI and IVF are not the same treatment. IUI supports fertilisation inside the body, while IVF creates embryos in a lab. That single difference shapes success rates, cost, and clinical control.
- Neither option is “better” by default. The right choice depends on age, diagnosis, sperm and egg factors, timing, and what you have the capacity for right now.
- IUI is less invasive and cheaper per cycle, but has lower success rates, meaning multiple cycles are often needed.
- IVF is more intensive and costly upfront, but usually offers higher success per attempt and clearer information about what’s happening biologically.
- Success rates change significantly with age, particularly after 35 and again after 40, which often shifts clinic recommendations.
- Treatment decisions are strategic, not linear. Many people start with IUI, move to IVF, or adjust plans based on how their body responds.
Is IUI the same as IVF?
No. This question comes up often, and it matters to clear it up early.
IUI and IVF work in completely different ways. They involve different levels of medical intervention, different points at which fertilisation happens, and different success profiles. Neither is “better” in isolation, and neither is a guaranteed solution.
At its core, the difference between IUI and IVF procedure is where fertilisation happens.
- IUI (Intrauterine Insemination) supports fertilisation inside the body
- IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) creates embryos outside the body, in a lab
That single difference shapes everything else, from success rates to cost to emotional intensity.
Understanding the difference between IVF and IUI helps you make sense of why clinics recommend one over the other in specific situations, and why switching approaches is sometimes advised.
How IUI works
IUI (intrauterine insemination) is a minimally invasive fertility treatment designed to help sperm reach the egg more directly. At the right point in your cycle, a concentrated, prepared sperm sample is placed into the uterus using a fine catheter, giving sperm a clearer path to fertilisation. Fertilisation still happens inside the body, which is one of the key ways IUI differs from IVF.
IUI can take place in a natural cycle, where ovulation is tracked and timed, or a stimulated cycle, where medication supports egg development and ovulation is carefully triggered. In both cases, timing is central. Clinics monitor your cycle closely so insemination happens when your body is most ready.
The procedure itself is quick, usually taking just a few minutes, and does not require sedation. Many people describe it as similar to a cervical smear, with mild pressure or cramping that passes quickly.
IUI Treatment: Understanding the Full Process
IUI (intrauterine insemination) is a straightforward, minimally invasive fertility treatment that can help sperm reach the egg more directly.
How IVF works
IVF (in vitro fertilisation) is a highly structured fertility treatment that brings fertilisation into the lab, giving clinics more control and insight at every stage. Hormonal medication is used to stimulate the ovaries to mature multiple eggs in one cycle. These eggs are then collected during a short procedure and fertilised with partner or donor sperm by embryologists.
Once fertilisation has taken place, embryos are monitored in the lab for several days. One embryo is then transferred into the uterus, where implantation and pregnancy can occur naturally. Any additional embryos may be frozen for future use, which can shape your options moving forward.
A single IVF cycle usually takes around 6 to 9 weeks from initial testing to a pregnancy test. While IVF is more invasive and demanding than IUI, it is also the most effective treatment available for many forms of infertility, particularly where time, age, or diagnosis are key factors.
IVF Step-by-Step: What to Expect at Each Stage
Learn more about IVF: the steps involved, how much it costs, understand success rates and risks – all in one convenient, in-depth guide.
IVF vs ICSI vs IUI: What’s the difference?
These treatments are often mentioned side by side, but they are distinct and serve different purposes. IUI, IVF and ICSI each offer a different level of medical support, and clinics choose between them based on what your tests show and where extra help is most likely to make a difference. Understanding how they work together — and where they diverge — makes it easier to see why a specific approach is recommended for you.
- IUI places sperm in the uterus and relies on fertilisation happening naturally
- IVF places sperm and eggs together in a lab dish
- ICSI injects a single sperm directly into each egg
ICSI is a fertilisation method used within IVF cycles, usually when sperm count, movement, or morphology is reduced, or when previous fertilisation rates were low. It does not replace IVF. It refines one step within it.
Which is better, IUI or IVF?
It’s natural to look for a clear answer here, but this decision is rarely about one treatment being universally “better” than the other. Clinics weigh IUI and IVF against your individual biology, your timeframe, and what you realistically have the capacity to take on right now. When those pieces are considered together, the focus shifts from escalation to strategy — choosing the option that gives you the strongest chance of moving forward without losing time or momentum.
The best treatment is the one that gives you meaningful odds without unnecessary delay. But to help you (and your clinic) decide, here’s a side-by-side comparison of the key points for both IUI and IVF:
| Factor | IUI | IVF |
|---|---|---|
| Who it suits | Mild fertility factors, male factor infertility, donor sperm, those who can’t conceive via sex | Moderate to severe fertility factors, older age, complex diagnoses |
| Hormones | None or minimal | Medication for 2-4 weeks |
| Timeline per cycle | 4 weeks | 6-9 weeks |
| Success per cycle | ~10% birth rate ~12% pregnancy rate | ~29% birth rate ~36% pregnancy rate |
| Cost per cycle | £1,265 | £6,390 (including medication) |
[1,2,3,4]
IUI vs IVF success rates (and why averages can mislead)
When people compare IUI vs IVF success rates, it’s tempting to look for a single headline number and treat it as a promise. In reality, success rates are shaped by age, diagnosis, sperm quality, and how a cycle is managed — and averages often smooth over differences that matter deeply on an individual level.
What’s also important is what we’re measuring. Clinics and regulators distinguish between pregnancy rates and live birth rates, and the gap between the two becomes more relevant as age increases.
Based on UK data and large population studies: [1,2,5]
- IUI results in a live birth in around 10% of cycles, with pregnancy rates closer to 12% per cycle
- IVF results in a live birth in around 29% of cycles, with pregnancy rates around 36% per embryo transfer
An “average” success rate blends together people in their 20s and people in their 40s, those using donor eggs and those using their own, and those with unexplained infertility alongside complex diagnoses. Two people quoted the same percentage may be facing very different odds in practice.
That’s why clinics focus less on population averages and more on how success rates shift based on specific factors — especially age.
IUI vs IVF success rates over 35
From the mid-30s onwards, egg quality begins to decline more rapidly. This affects both treatments, but the impact is greater with IUI:
- IVF success rate over 35: 24% birth rate, 32% pregnancy rate [2]
- IUI success rate over 35: Unfortunately, there’s no accurate data for this, since each clinic reports their own figures (sometimes without verification), but typically, this would be <10% birth rate, <12% pregnancy rate.
With IUI, fertilisation and early embryo development happen entirely inside the body, which means there is limited opportunity to assess whether eggs are fertilising or embryos are developing well. If a cycle fails, it’s often unclear why.
IVF offers more visibility. Clinics can see how many eggs are retrieved, whether fertilisation occurs, and how embryos develop before transfer. For many people over 35, that additional information translates into higher odds per attempt and clearer decision-making.
The HFEA consistently shows a sharper drop in IUI success rates after 35 compared to IVF outcomes in the same age group, particularly when using one’s own eggs. [1]
IUI vs IVF over 40
Over 40, IUI success rates fall steeply. While IVF success rates also decline with age, IVF still offers two critical advantages: the ability to assess whether embryos are forming at all; and the option to freeze embryos, use donor eggs, or adjust strategy based on real-time results.
- IVF success rate over 40: 18% birth rate, 25% pregnancy rate [2]
- IUI success rate over 40: As mentioned earlier, there’s no single verified dataset for this, as clinics report outcomes differently. In real terms, this typically sits below 10% per cycle for live birth and below 12% for pregnancy, which is why these figures are best treated as guidance rather than guarantees.
Because IUI provides very limited feedback when cycles don’t work, many clinics recommend moving straight to IVF in this age group to avoid losing valuable time.
Cumulative success vs per-cycle success
One of the most common misunderstandings is assuming that several lower-odds cycles equal one higher-odds cycle.
For example, three IUI cycles at around a 10% live birth rate per cycle still leave many people with a lower overall chance than a single IVF cycle with a 25–35% chance per transfer, depending on age and circumstances.
Clinics think in terms of cumulative success — what gives you the best chance of a live birth within a realistic timeframe. That’s why timing, age, and response to early treatment play such a central role in recommendations.
Why clinics recommend switching strategies
IUI is sometimes used as a first step because it is less invasive and less expensive per cycle. It can also confirm that ovulation timing and sperm preparation are working as expected.
However, when several IUI cycles fail, that pattern often signals that fertilisation or early embryo development needs more support. At that point, continuing with IUI rarely improves the odds. IVF allows clinics to change the level of intervention rather than repeating the same conditions.
Is IVF more successful after IUI?
There’s a common belief that IVF works better because IUI failed first. In reality, failed IUI does not reduce IVF success rates.
What IUI can sometimes do is clarify whether ovulation is occurring as expected and whether sperm survives preparation. When IVF follows IUI, it’s not because the body has been “primed”, but because IVF offers a different level of control.
When IUI is repeated beyond the point where it’s effective, it doesn’t improve later IVF outcomes. It mainly uses time — which is why many clinics advise switching once the pattern is clear.
IUI vs IVF cost: What do people actually pay?
Cost is often one of the biggest factors when weighing up IUI vs IVF — and understandably so. In the UK, most fertility treatment is self-funded, and pricing can vary widely depending on the clinic, your medication needs, and whether additional support like donor sperm or add-ons are involved.
Based on current UK data:
- IUI costs an average of £1,265 per cycle, with prices typically ranging from £550 to £2,310 depending on monitoring, medication, and clinic location. [3]
- IVF costs an average of £6,390 per cycle including medication, with a much wider range of £2,750 to £13,750, depending on protocol, clinic pricing, and what’s included in the package. [4]
At face value, IUI is cheaper than IVF per cycle. There’s less medication, fewer scans, and no surgical procedure. That makes it an accessible starting point for many people, particularly where IUI is being used as an alternative to sex rather than a treatment for infertility.
Where costs become more complex is over time. IUI has lower success rates per cycle, which means some people need multiple attempts. By contrast, IVF is more expensive upfront but offers higher odds per cycle and, in many cases, additional value through frozen embryos that can be used later without repeating the full stimulation process.
This is why clinics often talk about cost per live birth, rather than cost per cycle. For some people, a small number of IUI cycles makes sense both financially and clinically. For others, moving to IVF sooner can be more cost-effective overall — even though the initial price tag is higher.
The most useful question usually isn’t “Is IUI cheaper than IVF?” but “Which option gives me the best chance within the time, budget, and emotional capacity I have right now?”
Can you get IUI and IVF on the NHS?
Yes, both IUI and IVF are available on the NHS, but access depends on your individual circumstances and where you live. Fertility treatment in England is funded by local Integrated Care Boards (ICBs), which means eligibility criteria and the number of funded cycles can vary widely by postcode. [6]
IUI is usually funded when it’s being used as an alternative to sexual intercourse rather than as a treatment for infertility. This includes some same-sex female couples, single parents using donor sperm, and people who cannot have unprotected sex for medical reasons. In many areas, NHS-funded IUI is limited, and some ICBs require a number of self-funded IUI cycles before IVF is considered.
IVF is more commonly funded, but still not consistently. NICE recommends up to 3 IVF cycles for eligible people under 40, and 1 cycle for those aged 40–42, though many ICBs offer fewer than this or none at all. The HFEA confirms that NHS IVF access varies across the UK and is shaped by local commissioning decisions. [7]
The practical takeaway is that NHS access to IUI and IVF is possible, but not guaranteed. Checking your local eligibility early can help you understand your options and avoid delays.
NHS IVF Eligibility Calculator
Trying to find out if you qualify for NHS-funded IVF or IUI treatment? Between postcode rules and unclear criteria, it can be hard to know where you stand.
Which is more painful, IUI or IVF?
Pain is one of those topics that’s deeply personal, and it often gets oversimplified. The reality is that IUI and IVF place very different demands on the body, so the experience of discomfort tends to show up in different ways.
With IUI, the procedure itself is brief and usually straightforward. It involves inserting a thin catheter through the cervix to place sperm into the uterus. Many people describe the sensation as mild pressure or cramping that passes quickly, similar to what they might feel during routine cervical procedures. According to the NHS, IUI is generally not considered painful, although light cramping or spotting afterwards can occur for some people. [8]
IVF is physically more demanding overall, but that doesn’t mean it’s experienced as “painful” in a single, defining moment. The injections used during ovarian stimulation can cause bruising, bloating, and abdominal discomfort as the ovaries respond to medication. Egg retrieval is a short surgical procedure carried out under sedation or anaesthetic, so pain during the procedure itself is usually minimal. Recovery afterwards varies, with some people feeling back to normal within a day or two, while others need longer to rest and recover. The NHS notes that cramping, bloating, and tenderness are common after egg collection, and should be factored into planning time off or lighter days. [9]
The emotional side is often where people feel the biggest difference. IVF tends to carry higher emotional intensity because of the time, cost, and expectations involved. There are more decisions, more milestones, and more waiting points, each of which can add to the overall strain. That doesn’t mean IUI is emotionally easy, but IVF often requires more sustained emotional resilience simply because of how much is at stake in each cycle.
Is IUI less invasive than IVF?
Yes, from a medical standpoint, IUI is considered less invasive, since IUI typically involves minimal or no hormone medication, no surgery or anaesthetic, and lighter monitoring requirements.
IVF, by contrast, requires injectable hormones, frequent scans and blood tests, and a surgical egg retrieval. This higher level of intervention is what allows IVF to offer greater control and higher success rates for many diagnoses, but it also means the treatment takes up more physical and mental space.
For some people, starting with IUI feels more manageable because it fits more easily around daily life. For others, IVF feels more contained and purposeful, even though it’s more intensive, because it offers clearer answers and stronger odds per attempt. Neither response is right or wrong. What matters is understanding what each treatment involves, so you can choose the option that feels most workable for you at this point on your fertility path.
Chance of twins: IUI vs IVF
The risk of twins is one of the clearest practical differences between IUI and IVF, yet it’s often misunderstood. Many people assume IVF automatically means a higher chance of multiples, when in reality the opposite is often true.
With IUI, the risk of twins mainly comes from ovulation induction medication. These drugs are used to encourage the ovaries to mature one or more follicles, but sometimes more eggs are released than intended. If more than one egg is fertilised after insemination, this can result in a twin or multiple pregnancy. [10]
By contrast, IVF allows much tighter control. In the UK, clinics usually follow a single embryo transfer approach, particularly for people under 37 or those with good-quality embryos. This practice is strongly encouraged by the HFEA to reduce the health risks associated with multiple pregnancies, such as premature birth and pregnancy complications. Because embryologists select one embryo for transfer, IVF can actively limit the chance of twins rather than increase it. [11]
This difference matters because multiple pregnancies carry higher risks for both the pregnant person and the babies, including preterm delivery and low birth weight. For this reason, many clinics view IVF as the safer option when minimising multiple pregnancy risk is a priority, even though it is the more intensive treatment overall.
In short, while IUI can raise the likelihood of twins when stimulation is used, IVF often provides more predictability and control. Understanding this distinction helps set realistic expectations and supports informed decision-making when weighing up treatment options.
Diagnosis-specific decisions: IUI or IVF?
No two fertility paths look the same, and diagnosis plays a central role in deciding whether IUI or IVF is more likely to move things forward. Clinics use test results to understand where conception may be stalling, then match treatment to the level of support needed. Below are some of the most common diagnosis-led decisions, and why recommendations often differ.
Low AMH: IUI or IVF?
Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is used as an indicator of ovarian reserve, meaning the number of eggs that may still respond to stimulation. A low AMH result does not predict whether you can conceive naturally, but it does influence how clinics think about timing and treatment efficiency.
When AMH is low, IVF is often (but not always) advised earlier. This is because IVF allows doctors to see how the ovaries respond to stimulation, how many eggs can be retrieved, and whether embryos are developing. That information can be critical when time matters. Ovarian reserve testing is used to guide treatment planning rather than to determine fertility potential outright, but it does shape which options are likely to be most effective. [12,13]
IUI can still be considered in some low AMH cases, particularly at younger ages, but lower per-cycle success rates mean it may not be the most time-efficient choice.
Low sperm morphology: IUI or IVF?
Sperm morphology refers to the shape and structure of sperm. When morphology is low, sperm may struggle to fertilise an egg without assistance.
In these cases, clinics often recommend IVF with ICSI, where a single sperm is injected directly into each egg. This bypasses many of the barriers that abnormal morphology can create. The HFEA notes that ICSI is commonly used when sperm quality issues are present, as it can improve fertilisation rates compared to standard IVF or IUI. [14]
IUI relies on sperm completing the fertilisation process unaided inside the body. When morphology is significantly reduced, that reliance can limit success, which is why IVF with ICSI is often the more targeted approach.
Low sperm count: IUI or IVF?
Low sperm count sits on a spectrum, and recommendations depend on how reduced the count is.
Mild reductions may still be suitable for IUI, particularly when motility is good and no other fertility factors are present. Washing and concentrating the sperm sample can help increase the number of viable sperm reaching the egg.
Moderate to severe reductions usually lead clinics to suggest IVF with ICSI. This ensures fertilisation can take place even when only a small number of healthy sperm are available.
The NHS highlights that treatment choices for male factor infertility depend on the severity of the findings and whether sperm are able to reach and fertilise an egg without intervention. [15]
Should I try IUI or go straight to IVF?
This is one of the most common crossroads in fertility care, and it’s rarely a purely medical decision. Clinics look at test results first, but they also consider how quickly circumstances may change, what information is still missing, and how much margin for trial-and-error you realistically have.
Broadly, IUI is most often suggested when the conditions for natural conception are largely in place, and IVF is recommended when more direct support is needed to move things forward.
Many clinics will consider starting with IUI when:
- You’re under 35 and ovarian reserve markers are reassuring
- Both fallopian tubes are open and functioning
- Ovulation is predictable, with or without mild medication
- Sperm count, movement, and shape fall within acceptable ranges
In these situations, IUI can act as a supported version of natural conception. The NHS notes that IUI is typically offered when there’s no clear barrier preventing sperm from reaching the egg, or when intercourse isn’t possible for medical or personal reasons. [8]
Clinics are more likely to recommend going straight to IVF when:
- You’re approaching your late 30s or early 40s
- Ovarian reserve tests suggest fewer eggs may respond over time
- Male factor infertility is pronounced
- There’s a need to maximise success per cycle due to time, health, or emotional pressure
The HFEA highlights that IVF is often advised where other treatments are unlikely to be effective or where delaying could reduce overall chances of a live birth. [16]
Same-sex female couples and single parents by choice
For many same-sex female couples and single parents using donor sperm, IUI is often the first recommended step, particularly when there are no known fertility concerns. It’s less intensive, aligns well with natural cycles, and is sometimes available through NHS funding depending on location and eligibility.
IVF may be introduced if several IUIs are unsuccessful, if age becomes a consideration, or if testing later reveals factors that reduce the likelihood of IUI working. The NHS recognises IUI as a common first-line option for people who cannot conceive through sex, including same-sex couples. [6]
How many rounds of IUI before IVF?
Most clinics recommend trying IUI for a limited number of cycles, commonly 2 or 3, before reassessing the plan. This isn’t an arbitrary cut-off. It reflects the way success rates tend to level off after the early attempts.
If pregnancy hasn’t occurred within those cycles, clinics often review whether continuing with IUI is likely to add useful information or whether a change in approach would be more effective. The HFEA emphasises that treatment decisions should be reviewed regularly, based on response and outcomes rather than persistence alone.
Can IUI work after failed IVF?
In some cases, yes. IUI can still be appropriate after an IVF cycle that didn’t progress to transfer, was stopped early, or revealed issues unrelated to fertilisation itself. For example, if IVF highlighted that ovulation timing and sperm performance were adequate, a less intensive approach may still be considered in future cycles.
That said, the decision depends entirely on why IVF didn’t result in pregnancy. Clinics use the information gained from IVF to decide whether stepping back makes sense, or whether adjusting the IVF strategy is more likely to lead to success.
How long to wait between IUI and IVF
There’s no universal waiting period between finishing IUI and starting IVF. From a medical perspective, many people can move directly from one treatment to the next without needing to pause, as long as there are no complications and your cycle has returned to baseline. The NHS confirms that fertility treatment timing is usually guided by clinical readiness rather than fixed recovery rules. [6]
That said, the right gap is rarely just a physical question.
Clinics often use the space between IUI and IVF to review what’s been learned so far. This might include looking at how your ovaries responded, whether ovulation timing was optimal, how sperm performed after preparation, or whether additional tests would meaningfully inform an IVF plan. The HFEA encourages treatment decisions to be reviewed and adapted as new information becomes available, rather than simply moving forward by default. [17]
Practical factors also shape the timeline. Some people need time to secure funding, whether that’s arranging private finances, waiting for NHS referrals, or confirming eligibility criteria with their local Integrated Care Board. Others may need to coordinate work, caregiving responsibilities, or clinic availability before committing to the more intensive schedule IVF requires.
Just as importantly, there’s the emotional side. IUI cycles can carry their own strain, particularly if several attempts haven’t worked. IVF asks more of you mentally as well as physically, and taking a short pause to reset, ask questions, or feel grounded in the decision can be protective rather than delaying.
In practice, some people move into IVF in the very next cycle. Others take a few months to regroup, gather information, or regain a sense of balance before starting again. Neither approach is a failure of momentum.
IVF and IUI: Which is better for you?
The most important answer sits with your data, your values, and your timeline.
There is no moral hierarchy between treatments. Choosing IVF earlier is not giving up. Trying IUI first is not wasting time when it fits your situation.
Earlier clarity protects emotional health. Informed decisions create momentum.
The aim is not to endure treatment for as long as possible. The aim is to move forward with purpose, evidence, and support.
If you’re still not sure whether IVF or IUI is right for you, book a free, no-obligation call with our fertility expert for personalised information.
IUI vs IVF FAQs
Can IVF fail after successful IUI?
Yes. Each treatment cycle stands on its own, regardless of what’s worked before. A pregnancy achieved through IUI doesn’t change the underlying biology that IVF is working with later, such as egg quality, sperm health, or how the uterus responds at that point in time. Past fertility outcomes don’t guarantee future ones, which is why every cycle is assessed independently, even within the same person or couple. [18]
Is IVF always faster than IUI?
Not always, but it often is when you look at outcomes rather than calendars. An IVF cycle takes longer from start to finish, usually several weeks, while an IUI cycle fits within a single menstrual cycle. However, because IVF generally offers higher success per attempt, it can shorten the overall time to pregnancy when compared with repeating multiple IUIs with lower odds. Treatment planning should focus on likelihood of success over time, not just the length of an individual cycle. [17]
Can I move back to IUI after IVF?
In certain situations, yes. If IVF provided useful information, such as confirming good fertilisation or showing that ovulation and sperm performance are adequate, a clinic may consider whether a less intensive approach still makes sense. This is more likely when IVF didn’t progress to embryo transfer for reasons unrelated to fertilisation or embryo development. Any decision to step back is highly individual and guided by what the IVF cycle revealed.
Can you switch from IVF to IUI mid-cycle?
Sometimes. If ovarian stimulation results in a lower-than-expected response, some clinics may offer insemination instead of cancelling the cycle outright. This approach allows the cycle to continue in a modified form rather than stopping completely. Treatment plans can be adjusted mid-cycle based on response, and doing so doesn’t negatively affect future IVF attempts.
Can IUI sperm be used for IVF?
Yes. Sperm used for IUI, whether from a partner or a donor, can also be used for IVF, provided it has been stored correctly and the appropriate consent is in place. UK clinics follow strict HFEA regulations around sperm storage, use, and consent, which ensures samples can be allocated across different treatments when needed. [19]
Sources
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Intrauterine insemination (IUI).
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. HFEA Dashboard (2023 data).
- Seen Fertility. IUI Treatment: Understanding the Full Process. Updated 16 September 2025.
- Seen Fertility. How Much Does IVF Cost in the UK? (Updated for 2025–26). Updated 18 November 2025.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Fertility treatment 2021: preliminary trends and figures.
- NHS. Infertility: Treatment. Page last reviewed: 09 August 2023.
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Fertility problems: assessment and treatment. Clinical guideline. Reference number: CG156. Published: 20 February 2013. Last updated: 6 September 2017.
- NHS. Intrauterine insemination (IUI). Page last reviewed: 25 June 2024.
- NHS Cambridge University Hospitals; NHS Foundation Trust. CIVF – Information after egg collection. 14 Dec 2021.
- American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Medications for Inducing Ovulation. Revised 2016.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Reducing multiple births: giving patients the best chance of a healthy baby.
- NHS. Infertility: Diagnosis. Page last reviewed: 09 August 2023.
- Ulrich ND, Marsh EE. Ovarian Reserve Testing: A Review of the Options, Their Applications, and Their Limitations. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jun;62(2):228-237. doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000445. PMID: 30998601; PMCID: PMC6505459.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI).
- NHS. Infertility: Causes. Page last reviewed: 09 August 2023.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. In vitro fertilisation (IVF).
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Treatments.
- NHS. Infertility: Overview. Page last reviewed: 09 August 2023.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Consent to treatment and storage.