Sperm Donor IVF: What to Expect at Every Stage
Sperm donor IVF is a well-established way to build a family when conceiving with partner sperm isn’t possible, or when you’re creating a family without a male partner. It gives people across many backgrounds — single parents by choice, LGBTQ+ families, and those navigating male-factor diagnoses — a regulated and transparent path forward.
Author
Tassia O’Callaghan
Reviewed by
Kayleigh Hartigan
25 min read
Treatment spotlight:
- Sperm donor IVF uses screened donor sperm to fertilise eggs in a laboratory before placing an embryo into the uterus.
- It offers a pathway for people with severe male-factor infertility, genetic conditions, or those building families without a male partner.
- The IVF sperm donor process follows the same structure as standard IVF, with the additional steps of selecting, purchasing and storing donor sperm.
- UK donors have no financial or legal parental rights; donor-conceived people can access identifying information at age 18.
- Sperm donor IVF success rate depends on age, egg quality and clinical expertise.
- IVF with sperm donor cost varies widely, especially when using imported donor sperm, but generally costs an average of £7,620, according to our 2026 cost data report.
What is sperm donor IVF?
Sperm donor IVF is a form of fertility treatment where eggs are fertilised using sperm from a fully screened, licensed donor. It creates a safe and regulated pathway for people who cannot use partner sperm, where sperm is not available or medically suitable, or where sperm donation is the chosen route to build a family — including for single parents, same-sex couples, or those at risk of passing on a significant genetic condition.
Clinics source donor sperm through several regulated channels:
- A UK sperm donor recruited and screened directly by the clinic
- UK-licensed sperm banks, which provide non-identifying donor profiles that meet national screening standards
- Imported sperm banks, which may offer extended donor profiles, including essays, audio interviews, or sperm donor pictures that some patients value when making their selection
Donors come from a wide range of backgrounds but must meet strict criteria. They are required to be in good health, have no relevant hereditary conditions, and pass comprehensive infectious disease and genetic screening. The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) regulates every stage to ensure that treatment remains safe, transparent and legally secure for donors, patients and future children. [1]
Where possible, clinics support people in choosing a donor who aligns with their preferences — whether that relates to ethnicity, physical characteristics such as hair or eye colour, or other personal attributes. Some patients choose donors who resemble their partner; others prioritise values, medical history, or the level of information available.
Once donor sperm is selected and purchased, it is stored securely in the clinic’s laboratory. Treatment then follows a standard IVF pathway. Eggs are collected under light sedation, then fertilised using IVF or ICSI depending on clinical recommendation. This includes pathways such as reciprocal IVF, where one partner’s eggs are fertilised with donor sperm and the resulting embryo is transferred into the other partner’s uterus, giving both partners a role in creating and carrying the pregnancy. [2]
After fertilisation, embryos are cultured in the laboratory for several days before one is selected for transfer. The goal is a safe, evidence-based treatment process that supports people and families in a wide range of circumstances, with clarity at every step.
UK sperm donors have no parental rights or responsibilities, and the HFEA requires strict infectious disease and genetic screening before sperm is released for treatment. [3]
Treatment Essentials: IVF
Learn more about IVF: explore the steps involved, how much it costs, understand success rates and risks – all in one convenient, in-depth guide.
Who is sperm donor IVF for?
Sperm donor IVF is used across a wide range of fertility paths, including for:
- People experiencing severe male-factor infertility, including azoospermia, teratozoospermia, high sperm DNA fragmentation, very low sperm count, or where sperm retrieval is unsuccessful.
- Individuals and couples where using partner sperm carries a genetic risk, such as inherited conditions that could pass to children.
- Single parents by choice, who plan to conceive using donor sperm.
- LGBTQ+ families, including female same-sex couples and trans or non-binary parents wanting to carry a pregnancy (typically if donor sperm IUI cycles haven’t worked), as IVF is more expensive and more invasive.
- People whose IVF cycles using partner sperm haven’t resulted in embryos, despite optimal medical care.
The pathway is flexible, supportive and regulated. Everyone engaging with donor conception receives implications counselling to prepare emotionally, legally and practically for treatment.
How popular is sperm donor IVF?
The use of donor sperm continues to rise across the UK. The HFEA reported nearly 281,000 donor insemination cycles from 1991 to 2023, around 14% of all ART cycles in the UK, either through IVF or intrauterine insemination (IUI). Donor-conceived births form a meaningful proportion of assisted reproduction outcomes, particularly for single parents by choice and LGBTQ+ families. [4]
Donor availability has improved as UK sperm banks expand, with 990 new sperm donors in 2023 (the latest data from the HFEA), with the majority in London, but shortages remain — especially for donors from specific ethnic backgrounds. Many patients look at imported sperm donors with pictures or extended profiles to access a broader range of options. [4]
Before you start treatment, remember:
- Legal considerations: UK donors are identity-release. At age 18, donor-conceived people can request identifying information about their donor. [5]
- Emotional considerations: Thoughts around identity, bonding, grief, or future family conversations can surface at any point. Counselling is mandatory and designed to support your decision-making, not to test your readiness.
- Check clinic experience and success rates: Not all clinics are the same. According to the HFEA, success rates for donor sperm cycles of IVF are around 39% pregnancy rate and 32% live birth rate, compared to 36% pregnancy rate and 28% live birth rate with own sperm — but outcomes can still vary by clinic and approach. Look for a clinic with experience in donor treatments, robust donor matching processes, and transparent data on success rates. [4]
- Choosing the right donor: Donor profiles vary. UK profiles focus on health, screening results, physical characteristics and personal statements. Imported donors may include childhood photos, audio interviews and more detailed essays. [5]
- Financial planning: Fees for donor sperm vary significantly. Imported donor sperm often costs more due to shipping and quarantine requirements.
Using imported donor sperm for IVF
Some people choose to use imported donor sperm when UK donor availability feels limited, when they want access to more detailed donor profiles, or when specific characteristics are important to them. International sperm banks often offer expanded donor information — such as audio interviews, essays, or childhood photos — which can help people feel more connected to their choice. Importing donor sperm also opens up a broader pool of ethnicities and backgrounds, something that can be challenging within the UK. However, this route usually comes with higher costs, and fees can vary significantly between banks, sometimes reaching very high price points for the most in-demand samples.
Importing donor sperm into the UK is legal and well-regulated, but it must be done through an HFEA-licensed clinic. This ensures that the donor sperm meets UK safety and screening standards and that the import process complies with the HFEA’s strict conditions on the movement of eggs, sperm and embryos. These rules exist to protect the safety, quality and traceability of donor material. Importing is only considered import/export when material is moved into or out of Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) or Northern Ireland — and your clinic will guide you through the specific legal requirements depending on where treatment will take place. [6]
To import donor sperm, you’ll need a UK clinic willing to handle the process. Not every clinic offers this service, and those that do may charge additional fees for paperwork, checks, storage and courier arrangements. The clinic must confirm that the overseas sperm bank meets UK standards for donor screening, documentation, and laboratory practice. After Brexit, the rules differ slightly between Great Britain and Northern Ireland, particularly around when an import certificate (ITE) is required. Your clinic will manage these requirements on your behalf and advise you if any extra permissions need to be requested from the HFEA’s Statutory Approvals Committee.
Once approved, imported donor sperm is shipped in cryopreserved form using specialist medical couriers who maintain the correct temperature and handling conditions throughout transport. This ensures that the sperm arrives safely and retains its quality for use in IVF or ICSI. Storage rules then follow UK law: imported donor sperm can typically be stored for up to 55 years, provided the donor has given consent for that storage period. If the donor sperm is later used to create embryos with your own eggs or your partner’s sperm, you will need to renew your consent every 10 years for the embryos to remain in storage. [6]
Using imported donor sperm can offer greater choice and flexibility, especially for those seeking specific donor characteristics, cultural matching, or extended profile details. It’s also an option when local availability is limited. But it is a more complex and often more expensive route, so it’s important to discuss the practicalities, costs and timelines with your clinic early on. Seen Fertility’s clinic reviews and tools can help you identify clinics experienced in managing imports, giving you a clearer sense of what to expect before committing to this pathway.
Sperm donor IVF: Step-by-step
Understanding what happens at each stage of sperm donor IVF can make the process feel clearer and more manageable. While every plan is tailored, the pathway follows a consistent structure that clinics adapt to your medical needs and donor choices. This step-by-step overview walks you through how treatment unfolds, from early planning to embryo transfer.
Step 1: Pretreatment
Time: 2–6 weeks
Location: Clinic and home
Pretreatment is where your personalised plan is created. You’ll have baseline assessments such as blood tests, ultrasounds, semen analysis (if relevant), and a consultation to discuss medical history and treatment options. This is also where you complete mandatory implications counselling — a space to explore practical and emotional aspects of donor conception.
Donor selection begins here. Clinics outline expected availability and waiting times and help you navigate sperm donor profiles UK patients can access, including whether you’re prioritising phenotype matching, medical background, values, or extended profile details. Some people prefer sperm donors with pictures (usually from international banks), while others prefer UK identity-release donors with medical and personal attributes that matter to them.
Once chosen, donor sperm is purchased, shipped if needed, documented, and stored. Your clinic will review the paperwork to ensure compliance with UK law.
If you’re carrying the pregnancy, uterine preparation begins. For some, this includes oestrogen and progesterone to optimise the lining before transfer.
Step 2: Ovarian stimulation & monitoring (if using your own eggs)
Time: 2–3 weeks
Location: Clinic
Stimulation medication helps several follicles grow at once. You’ll attend monitoring scans and occasional blood tests so clinicians can assess development and adjust medication as needed.
Some people use donor eggs alongside donor sperm — known as donor egg and donor sperm IVF — but this guide focuses mainly on using your own eggs.
Step 3: Egg collection and fertilisation
Time: 3–5 days
Location: Clinic
Egg collection is performed under light sedation. Once retrieved, eggs are assessed and prepared for fertilisation. Donor sperm is thawed on the day of collection, washed, and used for either IVF or ICSI.
Embryos develop in the laboratory over the next 5–6 days. Your clinic updates you as embryos progress to blastocyst stage.
Step 4: Embryo transfer
Time: 1 day
Location: Clinic
Your team selects the embryo with the strongest developmental potential. Most clinics recommend single embryo transfer (SET) to reduce the chance of multiple pregnancy.
The procedure is quick and usually pain-free. After transfer, you continue progesterone to support implantation.
Step 5: Wait for pregnancy test
Time: ~2 weeks
Location: Home
Your clinic will tell you when to take a pregnancy test. The wait can feel long and unpredictable. Strong emotional reactions are common, whether hopeful, cautious, or both. Support from your clinic or community can help ground you through this stage.
How long does sperm donor IVF take?
Typical timeline: 6–9 weeks, longer if donor selection or import takes additional time.
People using imported sperm may experience additional waiting times for shipping and quarantine requirements. UK donors are usually quicker to access but may have limited availability in certain phenotype groups.
Understanding sperm donor IVF success rates
Sperm donor IVF success rates are broadly comparable to standard IVF, because the most significant factor influencing outcomes is egg quality, not the source of sperm. Age-related changes in eggs influence fertilisation, embryo development and implantation, which is why success rates vary more between age groups than between donor sperm and partner sperm cycles.
Across UK data, donor sperm cycles typically show a pregnancy rate of around 39% and a live birth rate of around 32%, compared with 36% pregnancy and 28% live birth rates when using partner sperm. These small differences reflect the fact that donor sperm is collected from donors who have passed rigorous health screening and semen quality assessments. It does not mean donor sperm guarantees better results; rather, it removes sperm-related barriers so the cycle relies more fully on the egg and the clinic’s laboratory conditions. [4]
The donor sperm itself is not usually the limiting factor. It is screened, quarantined and selected for strong motility and overall suitability, giving clinics a consistent starting point for fertilisation. Clinic expertise — including stimulation protocols, laboratory technology and embryology practice — continues to play a central role in outcomes.
When considering your own chances of success, it’s helpful to look at several pieces of information together. Your clinic’s IVF success rates for your age group offer a useful baseline, alongside their typical fertilisation and blastocyst development rates. If frozen embryo transfers are part of your plan, their outcomes for FET cycles provide additional context. It’s also worth understanding how much experience the clinic has with donor conception pathways, as this can influence both laboratory practice and the level of tailored support you receive.
Differences between clinics often reflect variations in laboratory equipment, staffing, and approach to personalised treatment. Understanding these factors gives you a clearer, more grounded view of what success may look like for you.
Why sperm donor IVF doesn’t always work
Even with high-quality donor sperm, IVF is a complex biological process with several stages that must align. When a cycle doesn’t lead to pregnancy, it’s rarely the result of a single factor. Understanding the common reasons can help you make sense of the experience and move forward with clarity.
- Egg quality and chromosomal differences: Egg quality naturally changes with age, influencing how well eggs fertilise and develop into chromosomally balanced embryos. According to the NHS, age-related chromosomal changes are a key reason why IVF success rates decline over time. These differences are not visible under a microscope but can limit an embryo’s ability to implant or continue developing. [7]
- Embryo development issues that are not visible under the microscope: Embryos are assessed by appearance, but this method cannot detect all biological or chromosomal variations. A healthy-looking blastocyst may still have genetic or cellular issues that prevent implantation. This is why even top-graded embryos don’t guarantee pregnancy.
- Uterine factors affecting implantation: Conditions such as polyps, fibroids, adhesions, or inflammation can interfere with an embryo attaching securely to the uterine lining. Many of these factors are treatable once identified, and clinics often investigate them after repeated implantation difficulties. [7]
- Hormonal or structural factors: Implantation relies on precise hormonal timing, particularly progesterone. If progesterone levels are not aligned with the transfer window, implantation can be affected. Structural concerns — for example, septate uterus or adenomyosis — may also reduce the chances of success.
- Timing, immune or inflammatory factors: Some people experience variations in their “implantation window,” meaning the optimal time for embryo transfer is slightly earlier or later than average. Inflammatory or immune responses can also influence implantation, although evidence in this area is still evolving and remains under review by bodies such as the HFEA. [8]
- Unexplained non-implantation despite optimal conditions: Even when embryos are good quality and the uterus is well prepared, implantation doesn’t always occur. This is known as unexplained non-implantation and can happen at any stage of IVF. It reflects how complex reproduction is rather than anything anyone has done “wrong.”
These outcomes can feel deeply disappointing. With a clear review from your clinic, practical next steps, and compassionate support around you, many people move forward with a renewed understanding of their options and a plan that feels grounded and informed.
What if sperm donor IVF doesn’t work?
When a sperm donor IVF cycle doesn’t result in pregnancy, your clinic will carry out a structured review to understand each stage of the process — from stimulation and fertilisation through to embryo development and transfer. This gives you a clearer picture of what may support better outcomes next time, while keeping your options grounded in evidence and personalised to you.
- Using frozen embryos from the same cycle: If you have frozen embryos, a frozen embryo transfer (FET) offers another opportunity without needing to repeat stimulation or egg collection. FET cycles can be gentler and more predictable, and the HFEA reports that FET success rates continue to rise due to improvements in freezing technology. [9]
- Adjusting stimulation protocols: Your clinic may recommend changes to medication doses or timings to optimise the number and quality of eggs. This is a common next step, particularly if your previous cycle showed a lower-than-expected response. Tailored stimulation can help clinicians collect eggs that are more likely to fertilise and develop well.
- Considering donor eggs if egg quality is a limiting factor: If egg quality is likely to be affecting embryo development or implantation, donor eggs may offer a higher chance of pregnancy. NHS guidance highlights that age-related changes in egg quality are a major factor in IVF outcomes, and donor eggs can remove this barrier for some people. [7]
- Reassessing donor sperm options: Although donor sperm typically undergoes extensive screening and quality checks, some people consider choosing a different donor for future cycles. This may feel especially relevant if you want to explore donors with different sperm parameters or extended profiles.
- Uterine assessment: If implantation is a concern, your clinic may suggest investigating the uterine cavity for polyps, fibroids or adhesions. A hysteroscopy offers a closer look and, in some cases, allows treatment at the same time. Structural issues inside the uterus can affect implantation but are often treatable. [10]
- Considering IUI with donor sperm if medically appropriate: In some situations — particularly for younger patients or where egg quality is strong — intrauterine insemination (IUI) may still be an option. IUI is less intensive and may suit people who would like to try a lower-intervention approach before further IVF cycles.
- Exploring surrogacy pathways in rare cases where carrying a pregnancy is difficult: If medical conditions prevent safe pregnancy, surrogacy can be part of the discussion. The HFEA outlines the legal and clinical framework for using surrogacy within licensed clinics, ensuring everyone involved is protected and informed. [11]
The goal is always to move forward with clarity, not pressure. Each option is explored at your pace, with support that reflects both the clinical evidence and the emotional weight of making decisions after a difficult cycle.
Fresh vs frozen donor sperm
Most UK fertility clinics use frozen donor sperm, and there are clear reasons for this. Frozen samples allow clinics to complete all required infectious disease screening and the legally mandated quarantine period before the sperm is approved for treatment. The HFEA sets strict rules for donor screening and storage, which ensures that frozen donor sperm is safe, traceable, and fully compliant with UK regulation. [12]
Using frozen sperm also makes treatment planning more predictable. It can be thawed exactly when needed, which supports smoother coordination with stimulation, egg collection and embryo transfer. This consistency is a key reason frozen donor sperm is widely used in IVF and ICSI cycles across the UK.
Fresh donor sperm is possible only in specific circumstances, typically when someone uses a known donor. Even then, the donor must complete the same infectious disease screening, counselling and legal processes required for all UK sperm donors. All donations — fresh or frozen — must meet the same safety and documentation standards, and clinics must oversee the process to ensure legal parenthood is established correctly. [1]
For most people, frozen donor sperm offers the safest, most regulated and most straightforward route, while fresh donation remains an option only when carefully managed within a licensed clinic.
What are the risks of sperm donor IVF?
Sperm donor IVF carries similar considerations to standard IVF, and when treatment takes place through a licensed UK clinic, the medical risks linked specifically to donor sperm are very low. Donors undergo extensive infectious disease screening and a review of their family medical history, helping protect both your health and the health of any future children.
Key risks include:
- Multiple pregnancy: Multiple pregnancy is more likely when more than one embryo is transferred. It carries higher risks for both the pregnant person and the babies, including preterm birth. This is why most clinics recommend single embryo transfer wherever possible. [13]
- Pregnancy complications: IVF pregnancies have a slightly higher likelihood of complications such as gestational diabetes or high blood pressure. These risks are small but important to understand, and NHS guidance notes that older age or underlying health conditions can contribute. [14,15]
- Emotional impact: Using donor sperm can raise questions and feelings around genetic connection, identity and future disclosure. These feelings can surface at different stages of treatment. Licensed clinics provide implications counselling to support you in exploring these thoughts and building confidence in your family’s story.
- Procedural risks: If you are using your own eggs, egg collection involves light sedation and carries a small risk of bleeding, infection or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). These risks are monitored closely, and your clinic will outline how they manage them safely.
- Legal risks when using unlicensed donors: Home insemination may feel accessible, but the HFEA emphasises that sperm provided outside a licensed clinic is not screened for infections such as HIV, hepatitis or syphilis. This can pose serious health risks for both you and a future child. It can also create legal uncertainty, as a known donor used outside a clinic may be recognised as the legal father. [1]
Some people also come across expanded carrier screening (ECS) when exploring donor profiles. ECS looks for genetic variants linked to a wide range of inherited conditions. The HFEA doesn’t currently require clinics or donors to undergo ECS, and there is no national UK guidance on its routine use. If you have questions about ECS or whether it is appropriate for your circumstances, your clinic can help you understand the evidence and make an informed decision.
With the right information, regulated care and strong emotional support, most people feel confident navigating these considerations and choosing the path that aligns with their values and needs.
Is sperm donor IVF available on the NHS?
Yes — but access varies widely between Integrated Care Boards (ICBs). Criteria may include age, medical background, lifestyle factors, time trying to conceive and whether you have children already in your household.
Some ICBs fund donor sperm for male-factor diagnoses or for same-sex female couples after completing a required number of IUI or artificial insemination cycles. Donor choice may be limited on the NHS, and waiting lists can be long.
To understand your own position more clearly, you can use our free NHS Eligibility Calculator. It brings together the varying criteria across England so you can see, in minutes, whether your circumstances may meet your local ICB’s requirements. This tool helps remove guesswork, giving you a grounded sense of your options before deciding whether to pursue NHS treatment, private care or a combination of both.
How much does sperm donor IVF cost?
At private clinics in the UK, IVF with sperm donor costs an average of £7,620 for a full IVF cycle including medication and donor sperm (which costs an average of £1,230 per sample). [16]
Additional costs include:
| Cost category | True average cost | Typical range |
|---|---|---|
| Donor sperm (UK) | £1,230 | £900–£1,500 per vial |
| Donor sperm (imported) | Vast range, true average cost unavailable | £1,200–£100,000+ per vial |
| IVF | £4,890 | £3,465–£14,450 |
| Medication | £1,500 | £1,000–£2,500 |
| ICSI (if needed) | £1,375 | £1,000–£1,500 |
| Male + female fertility MOT (heterosexual couple) | £549 | £225–£1,050 |
| Female + female fertility MOT (same-sex female couple) | £656 | £305–£829 |
| Female fertility MOT (solo mothers) | £382.50 | £200–£650 |
Some clinics require purchasing multiple vials, especially when planning for genetically related siblings.
How Much Does IVF Cost in the UK?
Private costs for IVF in the UK vary greatly, ranging from £3,735 to £13,408 for an advertised IVF package. We break all of this down for you and more in our handy guide.
How does sperm donor IVF compare to other treatments?
Comparing sperm donor IVF with other fertility treatments can help you understand where it sits in terms of complexity, cost and the level of medical intervention involved. Each treatment supports different needs, so seeing them side by side gives you a clearer picture of what aligns with your circumstances and goals. [16]
| Treatment | Who it’s for | Hormones | Timeline | Average cycle cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IVF with own sperm and eggs | People treating infertility | Medication for 2–4 weeks | 6–9 weeks | £6,939 |
| Donor egg IVF | People who cannot use their own eggs | Minimal | 4 weeks | £9,859 |
| Donor sperm IVF | People who cannot use their own sperm | Minimal | 4 weeks | £7,620 |
| IUI with own sperm | People unable to conceive without ART | Medication for 2–4 weeks | 6–9 weeks | £1,265 |
| IUI with donor sperm | People unable to conceive through sex | None or minimal | 4 weeks | £2,495 |
| Cycle monitoring | People conceiving via sex | None | 4 weeks | ~£500 |
| Egg freezing | People preserving fertility | Medication for 2–4 weeks | 4–6 weeks | £6,497 |
| Surrogacy | Same-sex male couples or people unable to carry | None | Varies | £20,000–£225,000+ |
Where can I find a sperm donor IVF clinic?
Our Find a Clinic tool brings together the key information you need when comparing clinics offering donor sperm IVF across the UK. You can review cost transparency, success data, donor pathway experience, and hundreds of lived-experience reviews from people who’ve been through treatment themselves. This helps you understand not only clinical performance, but also what care actually feels like day to day — from communication and inclusivity to clarity around pricing.
If you want a more tailored starting point, our Clinic Match tool creates a personalised shortlist based on your medical history, budget, location, and preferences around donor conception. It highlights clinics equipped to support you from the earliest stages — whether that’s guidance on choosing a donor, navigating UK vs imported donor options, or ensuring your treatment plan aligns with your individual needs.
Summary
Sperm donor IVF offers a clear, regulated and inclusive route to parenthood. It provides access to screened donors, structured clinical pathways and strong legal protections that help families feel supported from the earliest decision through to pregnancy.
With the right clinic, transparent costs and the information you need at each stage, you can move forward with confidence and a sense of partnership.
Sperm donor IVF FAQs
How much do sperm donors get paid in the UK?
UK donors do not receive payment. They receive up to £45 per clinic visit to cover time and expenses, in line with HFEA rules. This is often referred to as sperm donor pay, but it is not a financial incentive. [3]
How many times can a man donate sperm in the UK?
The UK doesn’t limit the number of donations. Instead, it limits the number of families created from one donor — usually up to 10 families. [5]
Can you see pictures of sperm donors in the UK?
UK donor profiles don’t include adult or childhood photos. They focus on health history, screening, physical characteristics and a personal statement. Imported donor banks may offer sperm donor pictures, audio interviews and extended essays.
Can I use a friend as a sperm donor?
Yes — through a licensed clinic. Known donors must follow the same screening, counselling and legal requirements as clinic-recruited donors. At-home insemination doesn’t establish legal parenthood and can create complexities.
Sources
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Using donated eggs, sperm or embryos in treatment.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Reciprocal IVF.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Donating your sperm.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. HFEA dashboard.
- NHS Whittington Health, NHS Trust. Sperm Donation and the Law.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Importing and exporting sperm, eggs and embryos.
- NHS. Infertility. Page last reviewed: 09 August 2023.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Immunological tests and treatments for fertility.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Fertility treatment 2022: preliminary trends and figures.
- NHS. Hysteroscopy. Page last reviewed: 18 January 2024.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Surrogacy.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Finding out about your donor’s personal and family medical history.
- Human Fertilisation & Embryology Authority. Risks of fertility treatment.
- Tocariu R, Stan D, Mitroi RF, Căldăraru DE, Dinulescu A, Dobre CE, Brătilă E. Incidence of complications among in vitro fertilization pregnancies. J Med Life. 2023 Mar;16(3):399-405. doi: 10.25122/jml-2023-0048. PMID: 37168314; PMCID: PMC10165528.
- NHS. IVF. Page last reviewed: 15 April 2025.
- Seen Fertility. How Much Does IVF Cost in the UK? (Updated for 2025–26). Updated 18 November 2025.